Alternative Meanings for Hand and Names of Its Parts

Elective Meanings for Hand and Names of Its Parts Elective Meanings for â€Å"Hand† and Names of Its Parts Elective Meanings for â€Å"Hand† and Names of Its Parts By Mark Nichol The human hand is such a quintessential component of our life systems we wouldn’t be human without our own (particularly, without our prehensile thumbs) that we have applied the word to numerous strict and non-literal faculties other than the physiological one, just as an abundance of informal expressions (beyond any reasonable amount to list here). Here’s a conversation of elective implications of hand, just as those for its parts. Hand can allude to support or a proposal of help, or it signifies a series of acclaim. It applies to a body part or a segment of an article taking after a hand, and an image looking like a hand with an outstretched pointer is known as a hand, or a list. An angle, bearing, or side is known as a hand; then again, the word additionally alludes to the idea of control, ownership, or management. One can give one’s hand as a promise (for the most part, regarding marriage), and one’s mark or penmanship is called one’s hand. The word indicates capacity or aptitude, or intrigue or cooperation or a huge job. In card or different games, hand alludes to the cards or game pieces held, to a round in a game, or to a player in a game; by metaphorical expansion, it implies â€Å"the quality of one’s position.† In the domain of a harsher game, pugilistics (boxing), or in battling when all is said in done, hand distinguishes a punch. The maker or maker of a work may be recognized as a hand; it could likewise reference somebody with information on or aptitude in a particular subject, or handicraft or workmanship. The word likewise applies, all the more ordinarily, to a representative or specialist, particularly a worker, or an individual from a ship’s team (or the metaphorical proportional). It might be said progressively much the same as material meanings, hand portrays the vibe of a material. Finger, as well, has different implications, including something taking after a finger fit as a fiddle or work, or an estimation equal to the general width of a finger. As an action word, it intends to recognize or to contact, to reach out as a finger would be broadened, or to play music utilizing one’s fingers. Similarly, thumb applies to something with a thumblike appearance, and, as an action word, it implies â€Å"to leaf through a book or to cause wear by doing so,† or â€Å"to catch a ride or to flag for a ride by holding out one’s thumb.† A knuckle, as well, is something that resembles a joint in a substantial limb (or, on account of a cut of meat, is that anatomical part from animals), including a weapon worn on the knuckles and all the more ordinarily called knuckle reinforcements. Knuckle can likewise allude to a piece of a pivot or to an auxiliary segment with the presence of a knuckle. To knuckle is to press or rub with one’s knuckles. Palm reaches out to objects that may help one to remember that piece of the hand; the palm tree gets its name from similarity of the fan-molded leaves to a hand. A palm is likewise the demonstration of palming; to palm is to disguise with one’s hand or to subtly plus or minus something, or, by augmentation, to submit misrepresentation. It likewise intends to contact with one’s palm, as in the b-ball infringement of resting a ball in one’s hand during spilling. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:70 Home Idioms and ExpressionsRules for Capitalization in TitlesFew versus A few

FIXED-PRICING CONTRACTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FIXED-PRICING CONTRACTING - Essay Example work and materials. Thusly, by utilizing these lists the benefit and going worry of private ventures is shield from fluctuating monetary conditions. Consequently, when there are not kidding questions about the monetary environment’s solidness at costs of work and materials utilized by little contracting firms during the time of execution of agreement, it is famous all pre-characterized possibilities subject to changes are estimated and decided (Stanberry, 2012). Along these lines, the fixed-value contracts EPA are the most suitable sort of contacts for independent ventures despising any economies of scale and wanting to develop and extend in an antagonistic domain where contention between firms for the restricted piece of the overall industry is extraordinary. In this manner, entrepreneurs can exploit positive monetary conditions to make supernormal benefits when cost alters upward by haggling high terms at the roof of agreement cost and haggling low base level costs during unfavorable financial

Religious Challenges to Constructing a Democratic Iraq Essay Sample free essay sample

Islam has been Iraq’s prevailing confidence for quite a long time. The confidence plays an of import divide in each aspect of Iraq’s society. to incorporate its specialists. A vote based system offers opportunity to a nation’s people. enveloping the numerous highlights of Christianity. It tends to be contended that Islam is. furthermore, will proceed to be a premise of any experts in Iraq. Similarly. Christianity will be a premise of numerous popularity based states. The test is to examine the relationship of a majority rules system in Iraq. what's more, regardless of whether the relationship will work sing the common Islam confidence. The Challenge of Establishing a Democracy in Iraq It has been seven mature ages since the beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom. furthermore, the remotion of Saddam Hussein’s government. One away from since the beginning of the war was to transfuse a specialists where all residents could luxuriate similar opportunities of other vote based states. Notwithstanding. transfusing popular government in a Muslim society can be huge obstacle to improve of. The agent attributes of a vote based specialists may non needfully aline with the profound. standards of a Muslim society. To determine an anxiety of the balance of a vote based system in Iraq. the history and winning confidence must be painstakingly dismembered. The history and related confidence. alongside the doctrines of popular government. must be painstakingly unwound to pull a looking at between the two. Just so would one be able to decide if a vote based system can blast in Iraq. History of Iraq Ordinarily known as the spot of birth of the universe. or then again Mesopotamia. to be accurate. the nation between the Tigris and Euphrates waterways is viewed as the conceivable area of the Garden of Eden. Iraq has been a condition of battle and attack all the way back to the fourth century BC. at the point when the vanquisher. Alexander the Great. crushed the nation ( Boyd. 2003. p. 4 ) . The Sumerians were the primary significant swayers. in a matter of seconds to be trailed by Sargon I. the Akkadians. what's more, in the end. the Emmalites ( Boyd. 2003. p. 4 ) . Muhammad’s cut in 610 AD. denoted an extremely of import point in Iraq’s history. During this clasp. Islam would appear. The introduction of Islam would pass on harmony and rivalry. dominantly showed among Muslims and Abbasid calif. Hundreds of years thusly. what's more, the start of WW I. English military work forces would involve the part and uphold their capacity. Not long after the war. the League of Nations gave Britain. Syria. furthermore, France approval over the state. In spite of the fact that the state would go autonomous in 1932. it would again fall under British control to prevent a genius Nazi topple ( Boyd. 2003. p. 4 ) . In 1947. Iraq in the long run picked up its independency. Autonomy would pass on around a few decennaries of military pioneers rule with an end goal to shape the specialists. These endeavors would at long last disregard. until 1968. This would be the twelvemonth. the Ba’ath gathering would take power ( William. 2000. p. 91 ) . One grown-up male would quickly mount to the top. because of much quarreling among party positions. This grown-up male. Saddam Hussein. would at long last rise as president and pioneer of the gathering until April of 2003. Iraq’s history saw a lot of battle and misfortune all through. be that as it may, there was one high spot †the introduction of Islam. To more readily com prehend the essential confidence of Iraq. it’s best to take an articulation at its history. History of Islam Blending to author. Spencer William ( 2000 ) . in his book. Irak: Old Land. New Nation in Conflict. he takes note of that Iraq is the â€Å"world place for Islam† ( S. William. 2000. p. 31 ) To determine a superior comprehension about the individuals of Iraq. it is of import to take an articulation at the historical backdrop of its central confidence. Islam follows its underlying foundations back to the prophesier. Muhammad ibn Abdallah ( 570-632 AD ) . Muslims accept that Muhammad adhered to God’s guidelines through revelations from the Archangel Gabriel. Muhammad approached the individuals to concede a religion in Allah ( Gregorian. 2003. p. 5 ) . Allah was the Arabic word for God. what's more, accepted to be the God of Abraham. Moses. Jesus. also, Muhammad ( Gregorian. 2003. p. 5 ) . Disclosures came to Muhammad. get bringing down in 610 during the ninth lunar month. or on the other hand Ramadan. until his perish in 632. These exposures were interpreted in the Qurâ⠂¬â„¢an. Creator Gregorian ( 2003 ) noticed the expressions of the Qur’an: â€Å"It is faction of your male parent. Abraham. He was the 1 who named you Muslims† ( Gregorian. V. 2003. p. 6 ) . â€Å"Muslims† would go the name for the individuals who follow the Islam religion. Islam is like Judaism and Christianity in that it is a prophetic confidence. This implies the gathering of God’s messages to mankind through Prophetss. The core adages of Islam are Towhid. the respectability of God ; Nowbowat. faith in the prophetic strategic Muhammad ; and Ma’ad. faith in the twenty-four hours of judgment and Resurrection ( Gregorian. 2003. p. 7 ) . Moreover. there are five creeds considered the Pillars of Faith that each Muslim must recognize as follows: bear genuine religion in God. furthermore, that confidence in Muhammad as his prophesier ; to implore multiple times a twenty-four hours towards Mecca. give a piece of their pay as an income improvement. what's more, one fifth of their pay to the hapless ; quick during the twenty-four hours. the entire month of Ramadan ; and do at any rate one pioneers excursion to Mecca. in the event that capable. The early spread of Islam was somewhat solitary. Pretty much all the people of Arabia had changed over to Islam in 632. upon Muhammad’s perish. Very nearly a century after the beliefs birth. the Muslim people group would transform into one of the biggest known to man ( Gregorian. 2003. p. 11 ) . The Qur’an notes coexiststance with Jews and Christians. what's more, recognizes them as â€Å"People of the Book† ( Gregorian. 2003. p. 9 ) . Muslims trust it was Abraham and his kid Ishmael who remade the Kaaba in Mecca. which is accepted to be the most established monotheistic sanctuary. Alongside Abraham. Muslims believe Moses and Jesus to be incredible Prophetss. Like Christians. Muslims acknowledge the New Testament. Anyway ; dissimilar to Christians. Islam did non draw out a concentrated association. ( Gregorian. 2003. p. 14 ) . The decentalisation of Islam would follow into two boss strict requests ; the Sunni and Shia. Through the revelations got by Muhammad. furthermore, divisions of the confidence there is as yet basic authoritative opinions. To comprehend the confidence entirely. a perusing of the guidelines and highlights is all together. Authoritative opinions of Islam Islam is a religious on pluralism. It is accepted that the nonappearance of profound experts in the confidence prompted development of a few diverse strict requests. which rehearsed the religion in any case. This verifiably. furthermore, regular twenty-four hours. has prompted challenge and rivalry among these distinctive strict requests ( Omer. 2003. p. 122 ) . It appears the credit Islam request is that each bookman understand the Qur’an in congruity with their verifiable foundation. This will take to a useful anxiety of the confidence. One of import perception about the confidence and its relationship with specialists is expressed by the taking bookman. Omer ( 2003 ) . â€Å"Islamic holiness does non consolidate a thorough rundown of orders about the hypothesis of political organization. The Qur’an solitary references a figure of good guidelines. which are applicable to political organization. also, non about its cardinal principles and authoritative structure† ( Omer. 2003. p. 108 ) . It has been noticed that the Qur’an implies past social orders and swayers. in any case, centers primarily around how these swayers gave justness rather how they organized the development of political relations. Somewhat like convictions of Christianity and Judaism. portions of the Qur’an distinguish Acts of the Apostless of evildoing submitted by previous social orders/rulers as confirmations for pulverization by God. The individuals who were just swayers and obeyed God’s orders. were supported. Blending to Omer ( 2003 ) . â€Å"Prophets like David and Solomon. who other than filled in as male rulers. were the kind of swayers who are lauded in the Qur’an for moving appropriately and pityingly towards their people† ( Omer. 2003 p. 108 ) . As commended previously. the Qur’an is centered around the ethical conduct of social orders rather the configuration of political relations. With this being said how might it partner to a majority rule gover nment? To discover any connection. the historical backdrop of popular government ought to be analyzed for similarity. History of Democracy Popular government originates from the Grecian word demokratia. meaning â€Å"the individuals. † and kratein. expecting â€Å"to rule† ( Strauss. 1994. p. 32 ) . The Grecian arrangement of specialists was truly close to being a genuine popular government. or on the other hand guideline by the individuals. than some other state ever. Each male Athenian resident was allowed a chance to play at any rate a little bit in self-assurance ( Strauss. 1994. p. 33 ) . Roman popular government was like that of Greece. however, non to same degree. The Roman specialists was an agent majority rule government. which had chosen functionaries ( justices ), for example, tribunes. the pretors. the emissaries. the professional delegates. and so forth. These people represented Rome. be that as it may, did as such on the counsel of the Senate ( North. 1994. p. 39 ) . In 1215 AD. the Magna Carta made the way for a progressively just framework in England. Despite the fact that its improvement w asn’t needfully proposed to be a hypothetical record for a popularity based specialists. it had the inside functions to make a vote based specialists by. Made through a demonstration of resistance. the papers was answer for medieval organization. The Magna Carta contained some muscular provisos that in wining hundreds of years developed into stay rules of fair specialists and human rights ( Sharp. 2006. p. 28 ) . In 1628. England’s Petition of Rights specified that the King could no longer income upgrade without parliament’s authorization and the 1689

The Quintessential Manual to Opion Essay Samples for College

The Quintessential Manual to Opion Essay Samples for College This kind of essay typically has a minimum of 250 words. There are lots of handbooks and websites managing personal statement essays. One of the fundamental tasks of the application essay is to follow along with the directions. Get your creative juices flowing by brainstorming all the potential ideas you can imagine to deal with your essay question. The Tried and True Method for Opion Essay Samples for College in Step by Step Detail A thesis statement functions as a guide, on which the remainder of the paper is hinged on. Map out what you're likely to write by creating an outline. An excellent quote by a famous individual or an opening sentence associated with your private story always helps. A brief sentence is utilized to produce the emotional resolution of the admission essay. Explain why you would like to attend that specific institution. In some ways, it might also be regarded as a devaluation of the colleg e degree. Explain your commitments, and you're going to be the type of student colleges find immensely attractive. Separately, they benefit from loyalty and pride due to games. The Foolproof Opion Essay Samples for College Strategy Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to individuals who are quite interested in how you are going to handle the subsequent four years all on your own. The assistants should also be effectively educated. Colleges are not searching for perfect men and women. Personal Achievements Colleges are interested in students who have achieved in some region of their lives. Besides having an exceptional SAT score, you would have to think of the ideal college essay. Thus, it's critical to pay the college athletes who take part in such events because of their tremendous effort to construct the condition of the institution (Anderson, 2015). Over time, change proceeds to accelerate critically. Regarding financial advantages, N CAA and college methods benefit from college athletes. How to Get Started with Opion Essay Samples for College? A superb college essay isn't just persuasive, it's a piece which highlights the correct attitude to the college, the personal aspirations and the vision the student has once they get in the school. College application essay, is a significant aspect as it aids the panel, pick the best students that show the right type of motivation, for placement into a few of their programs. Writing a college admission essay can be very tough. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting elements of applying to college. Introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion It is essential that students utilize academic sources to enhance their credibility. Some institutions request an essay about a student's choice of a university or career. It's important the student has the ability to develop a thesis statement that's fitting with their targets. Many students find it challenging to compose impressive college application essays. The Lost Secret of Opion Essay Samples for College Moreover, whilst college degree gets more and more like a typical qualification for lots of jobs, there continue to be plenty of them in the current market that don't require that certification. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. The mattress is created with high-density foam that has elastic and polyester within it. On the internet, an individual can discover limitless guides and suggestions about how to compose a paper. Things You Won't Like About Opion Essay Samples for College a nd Things You Will Below are a few of the examples in the kind of prompts a student will probably encounter in a college essay request. When choosing the correct college essay topics, students ought to be keen to center on the key ideas they're attempting to pass in their essay. To help they understand how to write an assignment, we have made a large database of free college essays. It seems a bit unfair since you don't have an entire bunch of practice writing these kinds of essays, but that's why I'm here. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is rather effective. All fantastic personal essays contain this crucial element. One of the major aspects about a college essay is, it needs to be grammatically coherent. Some scholarship programs will supply you with a list of questions to answer inside your essay. Please note that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. Your English teacher may even be prepared to assess your essay for you. What You Should Do About Opion Essay Samples for College Starting in the Next 2 Minutes The leadership style aims at making the very best of teamwork in an organization. Bear in mind you don't need to be someone's superior to be a leader. A great leader doesn't sit back and observe what's happening, but rather they ought to be the one making the decisions and making sure the remainder of the team sees them through. Terrific leaders can communicate in a manner that others can engage with. The paper focusses on various leadership styles and the way they may be utilized to effect a great organization al culture for a company through internal communication. One of the absolute most important qualities of a fantastic leader is they will need to actually be well prepared to lead. A perfect leadership style is essential for any organization. There are several different styles of leadership and most of them are extremely effective, Art. There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. To find access to a sample, you have to do the next. When the employees don't get sufficient info, they are inclined to make many errors which subsequently leads to wrong decisions. An organization which has an efficient internal communication system in place realizes many advantages.

The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State

The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world based on population and land area. It has a total area of 3,794,100 square miles divided into 50 states. The topography of the states varies from the flat, low-lying areas of Florida to the rugged mountainous western states like Alaska and Colorado. The Highest Points In the U.S. This list notes the highest point in each state:Â   Alaska: Mount McKinley (or Denali) at 20,320 feet (6,193 m)California: Mount Whitney at 14,495 feet (4,418 m)Colorado: Mount Elbert at 14,433 feet (4,399 m)Washington: Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet (4,392 m)Wyoming: Gannett Peak at 13,804 feet (4,207 m)Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 13,796 feet (4,205 m)Utah: Kings Peak at 13,528 feet (4,123 m)New Mexico: Wheeler Peak at 13,161 feet (4,011 m)Nevada: Boundary Peak at 13,140 feet (4,005 m)Montana: Granite Peak at 12,799 feet (3,901 m)Idaho: Borah Peak at 12,662 feet (3,859 m)Arizona: Humphreys Peak at 12,633 feet (3,850 m)Oregon: Mount Hood at 11,239 feet (3,425 m)Texas: Guadalupe Peak at 8,749 feet (2,667 m)South Dakota: Harney Peak at 7,242 feet (2,207 m)North Carolina: Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)Tennessee: Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m)New Hampshire: Mount Washington at 6,288 feet (1,916 m)Virginia: Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m)Nebraska: Panorama Point at 5,426 feet (1,654 m)New York: Mount Marcy at 5,344 feet (1,628 m)Maine: Katahdin at 5,268 feet (1,605 m)Oklahoma: Black Mesa at 4,973 feet (1,515 m)West Virginia: Spruce Knob at 4,861 feet (1,481 m)Georgia: Brasstown Bald at 4,783 feet (1,458 m)Vermont: Mount Mansfield at 4,393 feet (1,339 m)Kentucky: Black Mountain at 4,139 feet (1,261 m)Kansas: Mount Sunflower at 4,039 feet (1,231 m)South Carolina: Sassafras Mountain at 3,554 feet (1,083 m)North Dakota: White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,068 m)Massachusetts: Mount Greylock at 3,488 feet (1,063 m)Maryland: Backbone Mountain at 3,360 feet (1,024 m)Pennsylvania: Mount Davis at 3,213 feet (979 m)Arkansas: Magazine Mountain at 2,753 feet (839 m)Alabama: Cheaha Mountain at 2,405 feet (733 m)Connecticut: Mount Frissell at 2,372 feet (723 m)Minnesota: Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m)Michigan: Mount Arvon at 1,978 feet (603 m)Wisconsin: Timms Hill at 1,951 feet (594 m)New Jersey: High Point at 1,803 feet (549 m)Missouri: Taum Sauk Mountain at 1,772 feet (540 m)Iowa: Hawkeye Point at 1,670 feet (509 m)Oh io: Campbell Hill at 1,549 feet (472 m)Indiana: Hoosier Hill at 1,257 feet (383 m)Illinois: Charles Mound at 1,235 feet (376 m)Rhode Island: Jerimoth Hill at 812 feet (247 m)Mississippi: Woodall Mountain at 806 feet (245 m)Louisiana: Driskill Mountain at 535 feet (163 m)Delaware: Ebright Azimuth at 442 feet (135 m)Florida: Britton Hill at 345 feet (105 m)

Essay on Censorship in Libraries and Schools - 1074 Words

Censorship in Libraries and Schools What would you do if you went to your childs school and saw that they were looking at inappropriate material on the internet? Would you react the same way if they were in a public library? Who decides what is okay for your children to view? Who decides where they can view it? What can you do about them being able to view these things? Are there any laws that can prevent this from happening? What are some schools and libraries doing to help prevent children form looking at such material? These are all issues that will be discussed in the next few paragraphs, along with my opinions on the matter. Body In 1998 there was a law passed, called the Child Online Protection Act, which made it a†¦show more content†¦I would be willing to give up some information about myself to help protect the young children in our country. Since there has not been a ruling in this case, the supporters of the censorship laws had to try and find a way to get the internet censored to children. So in the year 2000, Congress passed the Childrens Internet Protection Act, which is aimed at the computers in the schools and libraries that the children would have access to. This law was limited to only the schools and libraries that participated in certain federal programs such as, receiving federal money for technology. The schools and libraries that received this money were required to install filtering software on all internet terminals to block access to sites with child pornography, obscene material, and material that is harmful to minors. My opinion on this law is that it is even better than the firs one. They are very similar, as you can tell from their names, there is very little changed in the names of the laws. I think that the sites that a minor can look at should be filtered. This way they cannot look at things that can be harmful to them. Of course the supporters of the First Amendment opposed this law. They opposed this law because the filtering systems could filter out things that could be educational, or used for health research. There will always be problems with filters; they will either filter too much or not enough material. This is especially true since,Show MoreRelatedCensorship For Middle School Students Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship by definition is the suppression of speech or removal of communicative material which may be considered objectionable or repulsive. Censorship is nothing new and its effects are constantly felt throughout society. Many societies use censorship to protect the established moral and social order. Book censorship in western cultures can be traced to the earliest years of Christianity, when the church began to suppress opposing views as unorthodox. In ancient times, before the printing pressRead MoreCensorship and Material Selection Policies Essay863 Words   |  4 Pag esthat they are morally objectionable by the standards applied by a censor. It has been like this for ages. As long as someone has something to tell, another will be there to try and prevent them. Schools have been doing this for quite a while now and there is a need to stop it. Censorship of books in schools should not be allowed as many students will never get to experience classic literature if not exposed to it early on. Intellectual Freedom is the right of every individual to both seek and receiveRead More Censorship in Public Schools Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pages(Berger 59). -A Vermont high school librarian is forced to resign because she fought the school boards decision to remove Richard Prices The Wanderers, and to quot;restrictquot; the use of Stephen Kings Carrie and Patrick Manns Dog Day Afternoon (Jones 33). -An Indiana school board takes action that leads to the burning of many copies of a textbook that deals with drugs and the sexual behavior of teenagers (Berger 61). These cases of censorship in public schools are not unusual and there isRead MoreThe Library Functions On The Concept Of Intellectual Freedom Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesher child to check this book out. Mrs. Green escalated to calling me some choice names, accusing me of scaring her child. She later asks that the book removed to the library and with threats to sue. After calmly listening to her complaint, I proceeded to explain the policies and procedures for challenging a book. I explained the library functions on the concept of intellectual freedom. Mrs. Green was given a copy of the district challenge/ban policy and a pamphlet on the steps for filing a challengeRead MoreEssay on Censorship in Schools is not Justifiable959 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship in School is Not Justifiable Walt Whitman once said, â€Å"The dirtiest book of all is the expurgated book.† Between the years 2000 and 2009 a total of 3200 books were challenged in school libraries in an attempt to expurgate, or censor, the content in books provided to students. Today the trend of censorship continues as popular novels such as The Hunger Games, The Fault in Our Stars, and Captain Underpants are censored from schools across the nation (Challenges by Reason).Censorship in regardsRead MoreThe Importance Of Censorship In Libraries728 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship is a huge thing within todays society, Censorship in libraries is when a school board, a parent, or just anyone challenges a book that is explicit with sexual language, homosexuality, and or religion. The meaning of censorship is to ban a book, its not necessarily up to the library, but more so to the community and the school board. Anyone can challenge a book to be censored, even if it’s not explicit, if you personally t ake offense to a book you can challenge it to be a censored orRead More Censorship and Selection Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Censorship is a dirty word to information professionals. Attempts by individuals or groups to restrict the public from reading, hearing or viewing certain materials due to their content, is enough to send librarians and organizations such as the American Library Association, to the proverbial battle field. However, information professionals from all fields have to make choices about what to include and what not to include in their particular librarys collection. How are these selectionsRead MoreCensorship Is Not Limited Repressive Regimes Or Network Television?1522 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is not limited to repressive regimes or network television. Weather we know it or not censorship is happening all the time throughout the day. We censor ourselves, we listen to censored music and as students we see the internet being heavily censored in school. The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law in 2000; the law requires any public schools or library to filter any inappropriate content from the computers being used by minors. Since the law has been put inRead MoreEssay about Censorship943 Words   |  4 Pages Censorship The freedom to read is essential to the democratic way of life. But today, that freedom is under attack. Private groups and public authorities everywhere are working to remove both books and periodicals from sale, to exclude certain books from public schools, to censor and silence magazines and newspapers, and to limit quot;controversialquot; books and periodicals to the general public. The suppression of reading materials is suppression of creative thought. Books and periodicalsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Censorship In Libraries708 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship in some libraries is a big issue amongst people across the world. Censorships definition is the suppression or prohibition of any part of a book, film, news, etc that are thought to be considered as a politically unacceptable, or cause a threat to society. Many people believe that censorship is against our constitution. Some people believe although, that censorship was created to protect students and other people from the harmful information that may be inside some of the books. One of

Criminological Theory free essay sample

Criminological theories have rarely been concerned with the analysis of female criminality. Typically criminologists have either been content to subsume discussion of women offenders under ‘general’ theories, that is to say they have implicitly assumed the female is dealt with in discussing the male, or they have dealt with them exceptionally briefly in the way that other ‘marginal’ or ‘special’ categories are treated. The reason offered for this overwhelming lack of interest is that within the population of known offenders, female offenders constitute a statistically much smaller proportion than male offenders. With the exception of offences like shoplifting and soliciting, the number of female offenders nowhere exceed the numbers of male offenders known to the police. But this statistical ‘insignificance’ alone cannot fully explain why so little work has been attempted in this area. Rather the relative absence of work on crimes by women may be considered as symbolic of the nature of the discipline of criminology. Traditional criminology in both the UK and the USA has always had close links with social and penal policymaking bodies with the result that research has tended to be directed towards areas officially designated as social problems. Female criminality has not generally been treated as a particularly important or pressing social problem, not only because of its comparative rarity, but also because of the nature of the offences committed by women. Official statistics, which are themselves a problematic source of information in criminology (Hindess, 1973; Wiles,1970), indicate that women engage mostly in petty offences and, with the exception of prostitutes, most appearances by women in court are for first offences. Women do not seem to pose a serious recidivist problem therefore; nor a threat to society, and so fail to constitute a real problem to the agencies of social control. Failing to become a pressing social problem has meant that studies of female criminality have not received much official support or finance with the result that traditional ‘control oriented’ criminology has also shown a lack of interest in this area. The lack of attention devoted to the question of crimes committed by women and their treatment has given rise to the present unsatisfactory understanding of female offenders and the offences they commit. There has been virtually no development of our knowledge in this area with the result that ostensibly scientific works predicated upon unexplicated ideologies have been allowed to stand uncriticized. Recognition of the under-development of criminology and sociology in this area is explicit in Ward’s statement to the U. S. National Commission on Crimes of Violence that: Our knowledge of the character and causes of female criminality is at the same stage of development that characterised our knowledge of male criminality some thirty or more years ago. (Ward, 1968) As a consequence of this lack of development the ideology and methodological limitation inherent in some of the classical works on female criminality still inform contemporary studies and, furthermore, are reflected in the treatment of female offenders. This paper is therefore concerned to reveal the ideological foundations of the major theories of female criminality, in particular the culturally relative, commonsense conceptions of women on which they are based. I shallconcentrate on the works of Lombroso (1895) and Pollak (1950), whose theories are still influential, as well as the work of Cowie, Cowie and Slater (1968) whose analysis of female delinquents reveals the influence of the early theorists. The second part of this paper will focus on the possible implications of the ideologies inherent in these studies of female criminality. The ideology of theories of female criminality. The most significant ideology which informs both classical and contemporary accounts of female criminality is a sexist ideology. It is sexist not because it differentiates between the sexes but because it attributes to one sex socially undesirable characteristics which are assumed to be intrinsic or ‘natural’ characteristics of that sex. Such an ideology arises because the socially structured and culturally given nature of the assumptions informing these theories are not treated as subjects for analysis; rather common-sense understandings are taken for granted as a suitable platform from which to commence theorizing. Working within the natural attitude, adopting culturally given understandings of the nature of sexual differences and in particular the characteristics attributed to women, the theorists concerned provide merely a scientific gloss for common-sense understandings. Myths about the ‘inherent’ evil in women or their lack of intelligence and ability and their ‘natural’ passivity therefore abound in these studies and they are used uncritically to supply ‘evidence’ for either the greater or lesser involvement of women in crime. GENDER AND CRIME An equally persuasive theme implicit in most accounts of female criminality, which also stems from the uncritical attitudes of the pioneers in this field, is that of biological determinism. Biological determinist accounts may take two forms, although they are rarely mutually exclusive. Firstly women who have committed offences are perceived to have been motivated by fundamental biological bodily processes. For example, menstruation or the menopause, by affecting the hormonal balance in the body, are taken to be precipitating factors leading some women to commit criminal acts. In such cases action is seen to be directly related to, or even directly produced by, hormonal or biological imbalance. Secondly, and more significantly, the female biology is perceived to determine the temperament, intelligence, ability and aggression of women. In this case it is usually argued that women are ‘naturally’ averse to crime and hence any involvement in criminal activities is treated as symptomatic of a fundamental physical (or more recently mental) pathology. As a consequence of biological factors assuming such a key status in studies of female criminality it has followed that female offenders have been treated as a homogeneous group. Such factors as class, status, power, age, culture and so on are not considered as pertinent to an understanding of female criminality even though these variables are now accepted as relevant to the study of male criminality. As a result, therefore, of both the creation of a narrow stereotypical perception of women which relies upon culturally constituted understandings of the nature of female sexuality and the belief in biological determination, those women who do commit offences are judged to be either criminal by nature (Pollak, 1950) or pathological because they deviate from the ‘true’ biologically determined nature of woman which is to be law abiding (Cowie et al. , 1968; Lombroso, 1895). The latter perspective which treats female offenders as pathological is prevalent in both classical and contemporary criminological theories, one consequence of this being the continuing implementation of policy decisions predicated upon an understanding that criminal activity by women is a product of pathology located within the individual rather than an exemplification of meaningful action. Indeed it has become a ‘popular’ belief that women who commit criminal offences are ‘sick’ and in need of psychiatric treatment; it is to a much lesser extent that this ‘sick’ analogy has been adopted in the treatment of men as men are generally ssumed to be rationally responsible for their actions while women are not. This theme of the biological basis of female criminality which has become so entrenched in official and academic explanations was first fully formulated by Lombroso in his work entitled The Female Offender published in 1895. It is of course t rue that Lombroso employed biological factors to account for male criminality but with few exceptions this school of thought has been repudiated. As Shoham maintains, Today . . . . . the Lombrosian myth in criminology, and the few contemporary adherents to the biophysiological approach to the genesis of crime, are considered a sad episode which retarded the development of the field by almost half a century. (Shoham, 1974: 167). This is undoubtedly the case with most of Lombroso’s theories and yet the ideological content of his work on female criminality persists in contemporary explanations. In particular his assertion that most women, with the exception of the rare ‘born’ criminal, are ‘congenitally . . . ess inclined to crime’ and his belief that women’s ‘natural’ passivity and conservatism robs them the initiative to break the law have become a predominant part of the ideology in contemporary criminological and sociological the ories. The work of Cowie, Cowie and Slater (1968) is perhaps the best exemplar of a modified form of the ideology inherent in Lombroso’s work. In analysing the differences between male and female delinquency they state, Differences between the sexes in hereditary predisposition (to crime) could be explained by sex-linked genes. Furthermore the female mode of personality, more timid, more lacking in enterprise, may guard her against delinquency. (Cowie et al. , 1968: 167). Clearly,Cowie, Cowie and Slater and other theorists who adopt similar positions, have taken no cognizance of cross-cultural studies nor of historical data which reveal that, rather than there being only one ‘female mode of personality’ there are a multitude of culturally and historically based sets of attitudes and expectations that influence the consciousness or personalities of women, thus producing gender related behaviour. To suggest, for example, that women are ‘more lacking in enterprise’, or in the case of Lombroso, lead more sedentary lives because of their genetic structure, is to ignore the social situation facing many women which gives no opportunity or outlet for active or creative behaviour. Interestingly, Lombroso maintains that one sure sign of criminality in women is the lack of a maternal instinct. This deficiency was perceived to mean hat ‘psychologically and anthropologically’ the delinquent woman belongs more to the male than the female sex. But this belief, which is echoed in Cowie’s work, is based on not only biological determinism but also on a confusion between sex and gender. As Ann Oakley (1972) has pointed out sex is a biological term and gender a social, cultural and psychological term such that for a woman to act in a socially defined ‘masculine’ way does not mean that she is sexually or biologically abnormal. However, where gender appropriate behaviour is seen as biologically determined women who adopt ‘masculine’ forms of behaviour become labelled ‘masculine’ themselves and this has connotations of ‘maleness’ which are seen to be linked to hormonal or genetic abnormalities. Cowie et al. in fact failed to distinguish between sex and gender at all, they state, Is there any evidence that masculinity or femininity of bodily constitution plays any part in predisposing to delinquency and in determining the form it takes? (Emphasis added. In response to this question they maintain, Delinquents of both sexes tend to be larger than controls, and overgrown by population standards . . . Markedly masculine traits in girl delinquents have been commented on by psychoanalytic observers. . . . we can be sure that they have had some physical basis. (Emphasis added. ) (Cowie et al. , 1968: 171–2) The point is that female delinquents are not perceived to be mer ely adopting behaviour more usually associated with males, they are portrayed as being chromosomally or genetically abnormal. This means that the ‘treatment’ of such offenders becomes justifiable, the aims, intentionality and rationality of the deviant act are overlooked and the social and cultural conditions under which the act took place can be relegated to the vague status of ‘environmental’ factors whose only role is to occasionally ‘trigger’ the inherent pathology of the deviant. Crime and delinquency can thereby be treated as an individual, not social, phenomenon. Inherent in this ‘individual pathology’ model is a control oriented ideology which serves to locate the causes of ‘problems’ in specific individuals and which supplies the relevant knowledge and understanding to develop the appropriate technologies and social policies for controlling deviant members. Criminological theorizing thereby becomes a means of providing new technologies for control or, failing that, a means of legitimating current policies which become justified as forms of treatment rather than punishment. Moreover, while such theorizing is not concerned to provide the subjects of its study with the means to change their social situation and status it does provide a damaging anti-intellectual diet for its consumers which in fact serves to mystify the social phenomenon under research. For example, the way in which Cowie, Cowie and Slater present their evidence is worth noting for they attempt to appeal to the reader’s ‘senses’ rather than intellect or critical faculties. They have a tendency to invoke ‘commonsense’ and concepts of the ‘natural’ to support their claims rather than relying on credible, scientific evidence. Rather than reducing the influence of their work however, their anti-theoretical and anti-intellectual approach may be conducive to acceptance by policy-makers who perceive themselves to be concerned with ‘practical’ issues and not theoretical ones. THE REJECTION OF GENDER DEAL According to Carlen, women generally are deterred from committing crime because they are brought up to see themselves as the guardian of domestic morality. They also have less opportunity to commit crime. Because they are closely supervised than males first by parents and later by husband. Patriachal idealogy promises women happiness and fulfilment from family life. Carlen’s study was based upon a small sample of mainly working class women involved in fairly serious crimes it is therefore dangerous to generalise from her findings. Nevertheless her study does provide strong support for the view that criminal behaviour becomes likely when societies mechanism of social control break down. Other sociologists have examined social control mechanism to explain while women seem so much more likely to conform than men. The implications of the ideological content of theories of female criminality. The implications of theorizing have frequently been overlooked by those sociologists or criminologists who perceive themselves merely to be observers or recorders of everyday life. Yet social theories do have indirect social implications either by confirming common-sense and culturally located beliefs or by altering the consciousness of people in their everyday lives through a criticism and demystification of accepted values and beliefs. Allen recognizes this when he argues that, Theories enter into the ideological process and emerge in an abbreviated, often vulgarized, sloganized form embedded in language and thought processes alike. They form the basis of common-sense attitudes. They are transmitted through the family, enter into folklore, get expression through the mass media. In a variety of subtle ways conventional theoretical explanations enter the conscious of individuals and provide them with instant explanations. CONCLUSION Compassionate judges and juries who viewed females as continent, docile and virtuous, and who understood the social stigmas that criminal proceedings cast upon women defendants. The quotations in this article revealed the subservience, dependence and chastity that were part of the Victorian cult of femininity. State and local laws encouraged a submissive and domestic role for women. Court officials, when faced with a direct contradiction to the popular female stereotype, such as a murderous woman, often could not accept the inconsistency and continued to treat the defendant as if she were inherently less violent than men.