A Study On Theoretical Perspectives In Maladaptive Behavior

A Study On Theoretical scenes In Maladaptive BehaviorMaladaptive carriage is cognise as carriage that is different than normal. There argon many shipway to define behavior that is unusual. Antisocial rowdiness is excessively known as abnormal. There ar many perspectives known to help define and exempt these behaviors. Scientific theories have been created to organize our thoughts and our beliefs to explain what it all means (Sarason, 2005). biologic scene explains the relationships between our wit and our behavior (Sarason, 2005). This would as well cover genetic endowment and genetics (Sarason, 2005). This perspective assumes that our bodily maladaptive behavior is due to a problem in our body (Sarason, 2005). Behavior genetics is known as a study of the effects of our genetic inheritance of behavior (Sarason, 2005). Psychodynamic Perspective is the idea that thoughts and emotions ar substantial ca hires of behavior (Sarason, 2005).In most cases biological factors b e important in the diagnosis of a patient. Most medical examination conditions require biological factors, (Sarason, 2005). Equipment such as the position emission mental imagery s quarter and the computerized tomography (CT scan) are starting to be utilise to present studies between the pass and behavior, (Sarason, 2005). In research of genetics and heredity it has shown that chromosomal defects are the cause of metabolic turnovers that may lead to mental retardation, (Sarason, 2005). phenylketonuria is an example of such a condition, (Sarason, 2005).Body refers to organs, muscles, bones, and the brain mind refers to attitudes and feelings or thoughts, (Sarason, 2005). The separation between the ii is intellectual intervention (Sarason, 2005). Although many heap believe the separation to be virtuoso(a). Cognitive and bodily black marketing are closely leading to stick byher (Sarason, 2005). It is known that maladaptive behavior is because of a dysfunction in the body an d the way it functions (Sarason, 2005). Maladaptive behavior is a joint product of three major components in the body or a hormonal deficiency, in physiological functioning or a tendency towards shyness, and in a social environment (Sarason, 2005).Chromo manys are ropy that are present in the cells that make up our DNA (Sarason, 2005). Anomolies in the chromosomes are credibly to cause abnormalities in our brain (Sarason, 2005). Someone with put through and through syndrome usually has 21 of these chromosomes as impertinent to the usual 2 (Sarason, 2005). individually of these genes contains their own characteristic positions (Sarason, 2005). 60% of these genes are responsible for brain functions, (Sarason, 2005). 4,000 diseases are caused by abnormalities in these chromosomes, (Sarason, 2005).Psychologists study these genes this is called behavior genetics (Sarason, 2005). As gentleman we inherit behavior (Sarason, 2005). This study is called pedigree studies. Here are some of the common studies of genetic researchGene- Parts of your DNA that contain proteins that carries bug out tasks in your body (Sarason, 2005). wholeeles- Variants of the same gene in a species(Sarason, 2005).Genome- All DNA influenceed by a person (Sarason, 2005).Geno cause- the DNA composing at the moment of conception (Sarason, 2005).Phenotype-Characteristics resulting from environment and genetics (Sarason, 2005)Herit mightiness- A statistical estimate of characteristics necessitateed by genetics (Sarason, 2005).Nervous System and the headwayThe anxious system and the brain are overly affecting who we are as humans. The dying(p) system is the brains control area and real important in the functioning of the brain (Sarason, 2005). The nervous system consists of neurons which have very special purposes (Sarason, 2005). The brain is now known as the most entangled structure in the entire world (Sarason, 2005).The nervous system is recrudesce into two parts the central n ervous system, including the nerve cells or neurons, brain and spinal cords (Sarason, 2005). The Peripheral nervous system includes all the neurons that assort the central nervous system with the glands, muscles, and sensory system (Sarason, 2005). The Peripheral nervous system has two parts the somatic system and the Autonomic system (Sarason, 2005). The somatic system transmits information from sense organs to the muscles that help us move (Sarason, 2005). Autonomic system directs application of the glands and our internal organs (Sarason, 2005). It is say that the brain has a lot to do with our behavior. The way it functions and the way we perceive things when the brain is trying to transmit the information can also get lost in translation. There are so many ways that information can be misinterpreted when the brain is not correctly functioning.The behavioural state of a human is usually best observed through an EEG machine. This machine can measure alertness through tracing s of the brain and its activity. It can measure if someone is alert or awake, resting, eyes closed, visible light sleep, deep sleep, or dreaming (Sarason, 2005). A healthy brain testament also react to new experiences where a damaged brain big businessman not react (Sarason, 2005). This can also be measure on an EEG machine.Freuds Theory of PersonalitiesSigmund Freud was a great neurologist from 1856-1939 (Sarason, 2005). He was also one of the most influential writers in the twentieth century. Freuds theory of genius is also one of the most influential writings. It seems very conglomerate to some. atomic number 53 of Freuds theories consists of psychic determinism. This states that behavior is determined by prior mental events in ones life (Sarason, 2005). Freud believed that at that place are two levels of consciousness. One is consciousness itself and the otherwise is precociousness (Sarason, 2005). This means that if someone were thinking of one thing, they could easily interject this in mind and move back to a previous thought. Freud effectuate that this had a lot to do with overt behavior. He also believed that the great the mental conflict in the conscious stayed there, the greater the stress would choke (Sarason, 2005).Behavior Perspectives and GeneticsThe behavioral perspective focuses on behavior as a response to stimuli in the environment of the organism, (Sarason, 2005). An American psychologist names trick B. Watson created was the founder of behaviorism (Sarason, 2005). Watson created this as a thoroughly mechanical affair, (Sarason, 2005). The complete personality was created for overt behavior and was built up out of the teach process (Sarason, 2005). Many psychologists did not believe Watson. They believed that behavior was much more than complex. They believed that it is truly a tight process. Watson just believed that a little metre would bring on a dynamic behavioral change. Behavioral Perspective was also created because psychologists found that Freuds ideas about the mind were too complex comely and very vague (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists believed that this could be explained in an easier way to understand. Many of them were having problems judgment so this led them to creation of their own theories.Both the psychoanalytical and behavioral approaches are deterministic but can be found in different places, (Sarason, 2005). Psychologists that use this type of behavioral perspective focus on what the patient is learning (Sarason, 2005). They view any type of behavior as stimuli-response and relationships (Sarason, 2005). In the process of changing someones behavior, they concentrate on altering the environment and rewards (Sarason, 2005). Early behavioral perspectives lacked definite elements.In the process of classical teach psychologists are watching for a response that an organism is automatically excite and transferred to a new one through an association between the two (Sarason, 2005). Iv an Pavlov was one of the most famous classical conditioning experimenters. Pavlov placed a hungry dog in a harness and turned on a light at certain intervals (Sarason, 2005). The dog did not slobber in response to the light making the light conditioned stimuli (Sarason, 2005). later on a few times of trying this, meat powder was delivered aft(prenominal) the dog was stimulated. Since the dog was hungry, he salivated an unconditional response (Sarason). Pavlov found that although there was no food delivered at certain points of the experiment, the dog was still salivating. Pavlov also tried the ringing of a bell as a input signal (Sarason, 2005).In some cases there are unpleasant, avoidant or escape responses (Sarason, 2005). For example, the experiments that entails a mouse moving through a maze to recuperate food. They use the electric charge to pulse through the mouse to help them find the food. Eventually the mouse is able to get to the food every time without the stimuli o f the electric charge to show him the way. When these conditioned responses are honord during the process of conditioning, these responses dissipate (Sarason, 2005). The disappearance of early responses is called extinguishing (Sarason, 2005). Many students of maladaptive behavior begin to ferment fascinated with classical conditioning when they realize it explains a lot about many types of emotional responses (Sarason, 2005). There is also such a thing as accidental conditional responsesFor example, I or so drowned when I was 4 years old. Since that day I have been fright of any body of weewee. If I were to tell a psychologist this, they might recommend systematic desensitization (Sarason, 2005).Here is a diagram of how this might lead (Sarason, 2005).Unconditional Unconditional responsesDrowning FearConditional Stimulus- Conditional response pussycat or another body of water FearBreaking discomfit the steps of stimuli between the conditional stimuli and conditional respo nses could alleviate the fear of water or drowning.operant response is also called instrumental conditioning, when the organism moldiness make a circumstance response to the actions before the reinforcement starts to state affect (Sarason, 2005). The organism reflects its environment (Sarason, 2005). B. F. Skinner was the kickoff psychologist to demonstrate this type of conditioning and its effectiveness (Sarason, 2005). He was also one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century (Sarason, 2005). Skinner created an experiment named Skinner box where a rat leave alone press a bar repeatedly if this activity is reinforced by pellets of food falling into a dish (Sarason, 2005). Operant conditioning is responses that occur less prior to existence reinforced (Sarason, 2005).Reinforcement, punishment, and extinction are all steps of operant conditioning (Sarason, 2005). A reinforce is an event that increases the possibility of a stimulus responding in a certain way (Sar ason, 2005). A positive reinforce increases the possibility of the outcome being something good (Sarason, 2005). A forbid reinforce increases the outcome being something negative (Sarason, 2005). Punishment is another way of changing behavior that is hit or miss. Sometimes it will be effective and other times it will not.Here are a few examples of a schedule of reinforcements used to research learning.Continuous reinforcement schedule- every response of a particular type is reinforced (Sarason, 2005).Partial or Intermittent reinforcement schedule- notwithstanding some of these responses are reinforced (Sarason, 2005).Fixed-ratio schedule- reinforcement is given after a fixed number of these responses (Sarason, 2005).Variable-ration schedule-reinforcement varies around an average 10 responses (Sarason, 2005).Fixed-Interval schedule- reinforcement follows the first response that occurs after certain time intervals (Sarason, 2005).Variable-interval schedule- reinforcement occurs afte r a variable interval of time (Sarason, 2005).Psychodynamic PerspectiveThe psychodynamic perspective the idea that thoughts and emotions are important causes of behavior, (Sarason, 2005). Many psychologists believe that rational thinking will set out personal and social adjustment (Sarason, 2005). In the 19th century this began to pull up more and more attention. muckle were drawn to the fact that maladaptive behavior was not normal.The organic approach to psychological behavior is influenced by physiological and the anatomy of a human being (Sarason, 2005). Mental disorders are a direct reflection of what is going on in the brain and how we function with this (Sarason, 2005). People began to believe that brain cells were what were making us unhappy (Sarason, 2005). The hard thing about this belief system is that there is much more to it. We needed to dig deeper to figure out what the stem of the problem was. Psychologists were decision it harder to convince people that there wa s really something wrong as fence to someone just being crazy. People treasured to believe what they wanted to, making it difficult for psychologist. Psychologists hope to find evidence that behavior was a reflection of the brain (Sarason, 2005). An interact ional or biopsychological approach currently directs the work of most clinicians and researchers, (Sarason, 2005). Coping, skills due to this perspective result in stress and photo (Sarason, 2005). Think of these as a coping mechanism (Sarason, 2005).Antisocial DisorderAnti-social disorder is typically associated with violence, delinquency and violence ( Sarason, 2005).Critical features of this disorder would beFailure to conform to social norms, (Sarason, 2005)Deceitfulness or being manipulative (Sarason, 2005)Failure to plan ahead or being impulsive (Sarason, 2005) fussiness or being aggressive (Sarason, 2005)Disregard for other being judicious (Sarason, 2005)Consistently being irresponsible (Sarason, 2005)Lack of remorse f or their actions (Sarason, 2005)Anti-social disorder is contractable and it is not yet clear how (Sarason, 2005). Impulsive physical violence is colligate to low levels of serotonin and one of its metabolites in spinal fluid, (Sarason, 2005). Anxiety has also been studied. It has become a very consistent component of Anti-social disorder (Sarason, 2005). People with anti-social disorder lack the ability to feel for others and will most likely hurt the people that are closest to them without remorse (Sarason, 2005). People with anti-social disorder are very difficult to diagnose and help. Their tendencies and personalities are very hard to understand (Sarason, 2005).In conclusion, our behavior is not only altered by genetics but is also altered by our brain and our nervous system. It is very difficult to find a direct diagnosis of a person without all medical history. There are numerous things that could affect a humans train of thought and the ability to cope in day to day life. F reuds theory shows that people are able to be aware of their ability to consciously think. We are constantly thinking on two levels, giving us the ability to make choices. We are able to think on a level of good or bad. We are able to capacitate many types of brain alterations. The brain is so complex making it very difficult for us to truly understand. We have the tush of how behavior can affect us. We can chose to listen to our preconscious as opposed to the conscious that is telling us to do the wrong thing. Or we can run through life with reckless disregard for others. We have the ability to make these choices for ourselves, given that we are aware of the malfunctioning of our brains. Despite this, engineering science and diagnosis will continue to expand and diagnosis will become easier and easier.